A World History of Art
From Renaissance to Modern Art
Articles
Art Encyclopedia on MoodBook.com™ is a complete, clear and
precise history of fine arts in articles. From distant past to present
day,
Articles in a World History of Art bring
together art from every age and from every corner of the world. What
is art? There is no strict definition. Generally, art is all
that makes you think and feel. Art is the product of
creative human activity in which materials are shaped or selected to
convey an idea or emotion. Whether it creates order and harmony or
expresses chaos, art stimulates emotion and intellect. Art is not a
luxury but an essential part of life and human experience.
Renaissance
1400 - 1530.
Centered in Italy, the
Renaissance was a period of
great creative and intellectual activity, during which artists broke
away from the restrictions of medieval art. Throughout the 15th
century, artists studied the natural world in order to perfect their
understanding of such subjects as anatomy and perspective. Among the
many great artists of this period were Giotto, Masaccio, Sandro
Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, and Piero della Francesca. The Early Renaissance was succeeded by the
mature High Renaissance period, which began circa 1500. The High
Renaissance was the culmination of the artistic developments of the
Early Renaissance, and one of the great explosions of creative genius
in history of arts. It is notable for three of the greatest artists in
history: Michelangelo, Raphael
and Leonardo da Vinci. Also active at that time
were such masters as Giorgione, Titian and
Giovanni Bellini. In northern Europe there was a Northern
Renaissance period with artists such as Albrecht Durer
and Pieter Bruegel.
Baroque
1600 -
1700.
Baroque Art developed in Europe as an
reaction against the intricate and formulaic Mannerism. The Baroque
style used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to
produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture and
painting. Baroque art is less complex, more realistic and more
emotionally affecting than Mannerist art. This movement was encouraged
by the Catholic Church, the most important patron of the arts at that
time, being seen as a return to tradition and spirituality. One of the
great periods of art history, Baroque Art was developed by Caravaggio, Gianlorenzo Bernini and Annibale Carracci,
among others. This was also the age of Peter Paul Rubens, Rembrandt van Rijn, Vermeer
and Velazquez.
Romanticism
1800 - 1860.
Romanticism emerged as a reaction against
Neoclassicism. It did not really replace the Neoclassical style, and
many artists were influenced by both styles. It stressed strong
emotion, legitimized the individual imagination as a critical
authority, and overturned some previous social conventions. Although
Romanticism and Neoclassicism were philosophically opposed, they were
the dominant European styles for generations, and many artists were
affected to a lesser or greater degree by both. Artists associated
with Romanticism are Ivan Aivazovsky, William Bouguereau, Caspar David Friedrich, John Constable,
Eugene Delacroix, and Francisco de Goya.
Impressionism
1860 - 1880.
Impressionism is a light, spontaneous manner of painting which
began in France as a reaction against the restrictions and conventions
of the dominant academic art. The hallmark of the style is the attempt
to capture the subjective impression of light in a scene. The core of
the Impressionist group was made up of Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and
Edgar Degas.
Postimpressionism
1880 - 1900.
Postimpressionism is an umbrella term that encompasses a variety
of artists who were influenced by
Impressionism but
took their art in other directions. There is no single well-defined
style of Post-Impressionism, but in general it is less idyllic and
more emotionally charged than Impressionist work. The classic
Post-Impressionists are Paul Gauguin, Paul Cezanne, and Vincent van Gogh.
Modernism
1900 - 1980. The notion of
Modernism is closely related to 'modern art'. Modernism refers to
the new approach to art where it was no longer important to represent
a subject realistically. Instead, artists started experimenting with
new ways of seeing, with fresh ideas about the nature, materials and
functions of art, often moving further toward abstraction. Modernism
was the movement that revolutionised the world around us and the way
we live it. Amongst famous artists of modern art are Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Marc Chagall, and more.
Modernism brought us a diversity of styles and movements:
- Symbolism (Gustave Moreau, Edvard Munch)
- Art Nouveau (Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt)
- Fauvism (Andre Derain, Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck)
- Expressionism (James Ensor, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde, Carl Eugen Keel)
- Cubism (Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Fernand Leger, Pablo Picasso)
- Futurism (Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carra)
- Abstractionism (Naum Gabo, Wassily Kandinsky, El Lissitzky, Kazimir Malevich)
- Suprematism (Kazimir Malevich)
- Dada (Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Francis Picabia, Kurt Schwitters)
- Surrealism (Jean Arp, Salvador Dali, Max Ernst, Rene Magritte, Joan Miro)
- Constructivism (Naum Gabo, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy)
- Abstract Expressionism (Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko)
- New Realism (Christo, Yves Klein, Pierre Restany)
- Minimalism (Alexander Calder, Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, Richard Serra)
- Pop Art (Richard Hamilton, David Hockney, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol)
A few important artists of modern age have had no any particular affiliation with any of the major modern art movements, or their art can be attributed to have been expressed in several styles:
- Marc Chagall (Cubism, Fauvism, Surrealism)
- Giorgio de Chirico (Pre-Surrealism)
- Paul Klee (Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism)
- Amedeo Modigliani
Postmodernism
1980 - 2020.
Postmodernism also known as 'postmodern art' or
'contemporary art'. Postmodernism is, by its very nature, impossible
to define clearly. What motivates art historical change is not any
'authentic' or 'original' impulse, but simply fashion, the desire for
novelty, which is an organic and integrated process. The basic premise
behind Postmodernism is that all forms of novelty have already been
explored, and that even if that wasn't true the particular emphasis on
rejection of that which is old or already done only limits artists
self-expression. Seeing as such, Postmodernism is in a sense art's
reconcilliation of itself and its past, and Postmodernists typically
collect influences from all periods and schools. To put it short:
"What's Postmodernism? Answer: Everything's been done already."
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